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What is it? PID is a progressive infection that harms a woman's reproductive system. PID occurs throughout the pelvic area, in the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the lining of the uterus, and in the ovaries. Even if treated, PID can lead to sterility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pain. The more episodes of PID a woman has, the greater are her chances of becoming infertile. PID is not always the result of an STI — but in most cases it is. The sexually transmitted infections that most commonly cause PID are gonorrhea and chlamydia. More than 750,000 new cases of PID are diagnosed every year in the U.S. It is believed that millions of others are infected. Condoms offer very good protection against infections commonly associated with PID.
How is it spread? PID is not actually spread. Instead, it is caused by other infections that have been left untreated, most commonly through chlamydia or gonorrhea.Testing for PID is done through pelvic microscopic examination and/or culture of vaginal and cervical secretions. Sometimes laparoscopy is used — an optical instrument is inserted through a small cut in the navel to look at the reproductive organs. Symptoms can be confused with those of appendicitis and other infections. Diagnosis can be difficult if women find it difficult to discuss sexual activity.
Symptoms may include:
unusually long or painful periods, and unusual vaginal discharge
spotting and pain between menstrual periods or during urination
pain in the lower abdomen and back
fever, chills
nausea, vomiting
pain during intercourse
How is it treated?
PID can be treated through antibiotics, bed rest, and sexual abstinence. Surgery may be required to remove abscesses or scar tissue, or to repair or remove reproductive organs.
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